The French revolutionaries had done something new in military terms. The French armies that were sent into the field were the largest seen in Europe until that time. They were actively motivated by patriotic ideology, not just passive obedience to kings or princes, as in the past. […]
The Reign of Terror began with aristocrats and enemies of the new republic being guillotined. Within ten months, however, the very leaders of the Terror, including Robespierre himself, were sent to the guillotine themselves. With the end of the new republic, France saw the rise of the new dictator—Napoleon Bonaparte. […]
In the first violent action of French Revolution, a mob stormed the Bastille fortress on July 14, 1789, bringing royal authority down. This was the beginning of the end of feudalism in France. […]
The Proto-Indo-European language is the hypothetical, reconstructed parent of all Indo-European languages. Linguists have been able to reconstruct this language through a series of comparative methods. Read on to see how this process of reconstruction takes place. […]
Influenced by the Russian radicalism of the 19th century and two personal tragedies, Vladimir Lenin devoted himself to create a revolution. A self-disciplined individual, he was not deterred by ostracism or spies. Immensely popular among his friends and followers, he was successful in creating a brand of Marxism in Russia. […]
The people of Russia had envisioned a peasant utopia, but they lacked a sense of direction. Slowly, they adopted Marxism, which was in sharp contrast to their utopian model. Later, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known as Lenin adapted Marx’s teachings to Russian conditions. […]
Years of hardships, coupled with insensitive and unsympathetic political system drove the peasants and the workers against the Tsar. One bloody event on a Sunday sparked the unexpected and the unplanned revolution in Russia in 1905. […]
The bloody three decades of war ended on October 24, 1648 with the signing of The Treaty of Westphalia. The treaty gave Europe and the world a new formula to live with, sovereign independence of territorial rulers and the right of the religious minorities to practice their religion. […]
Martin Luther’s call for the reformation within the Catholic Church spiralled into an unending series of wars, the Thirty Years’ War. As the conflict expanded beyond Europe, it left many people homeless or dead. […]
The treaty of Westphalia signed in 1648 ended the terrible Thirty Years’ War in Europe. The treaty acknowledged the divided sovereignties and divided authority of the member states of the empire. This new model was a sharp contrast from the earlier models of authority: the church and the state.
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